The Hungry Ghost Month stands as a captivating bridge between the realms of the living and the departed, a time when ancestral spirits are believed to roam the earth, seeking solace and nourishment from their living descendants.
This ancient tradition, deeply rooted in history and surrounded by a veil of legends, takes us on a journey into the heart of human spirituality, cultural heritage, and the mysterious practice of burning joss papers.
The Origins and Evolution of the Hungry Ghost Month
Ancient Beginnings: The roots of the Hungry Ghost Month can be traced back to ancient Chinese folklore and religious beliefs. It is said to have originated during the Han Dynasty, gaining prominence through the fusion of Taoist and Buddhist customs with local practices.
This period, falling on the seventh month of the lunar calendar, holds special significance as it is believed to be a time when the gates of the underworld open, allowing spirits to revisit the mortal realm.
Buddhist and Taoist Influence: The evolution of the Hungry Ghost Month was greatly shaped by the influence of Buddhism and Taoism. Buddhist teachings on karma, reincarnation, and the afterlife intertwined with Taoist beliefs in spirits and the balance of yin and yang, giving rise to a unique blend of rituals and practices that define this sacred month.
Mulian’s Journey to the Underworld
Perhaps one of the more famous legends about the origins of the Hungry Ghost Festival is the story of Mulian rescuing his mother from hell.
The narrative begins with Mulian, a devoted and virtuous Buddhist monk renowned for his wisdom and compassion. He discovers through his meditations that his deceased mother has been reborn in a realm of torment and suffering due to her past misdeeds.
Filled with concern and a sense of filial duty, Mulian is determined to alleviate his mother’s suffering and guide her to a better rebirth.
With unwavering resolve, Mulian seeks guidance from the Buddha, who instructs him on a path to rescue his mother’s soul. The Buddha provides Mulian with special powers, enabling him to travel to the underworld and communicate with the spirits dwelling there.
Armed with divine knowledge and supernatural abilities, Mulian embarks on his perilous journey to the underworld. He encounters numerous obstacles and challenges along the way, facing menacing demons and treacherous landscapes. Despite these trials, Mulian’s determination and unwavering compassion drive him forward.
During his journey, Mulian witnesses the suffering of countless souls trapped in the cycle of birth and death. He encounters souls enduring various forms of punishment for their past actions and learns of the consequences of negative karma. These experiences deepen Mulian’s resolve to rescue his mother and alleviate the suffering of all sentient beings.
Arriving in the realm where his mother resides, Mulian witnesses her enduring immense hardship and torment. Her actions in her past life have led her to this unfortunate state, and she is unable to escape the cycle of suffering.
He sees that his mother has been nailed down with forty-nine iron spikes. He seeks Buddha’s help and is given a rod to smash prison walls and release the prisoners of hell to a higher reincarnation, but his mother is not released. Mulian’s mother is reborn as a hungry ghost who can never eat her fill because her neck is too thin.
Mulian tries offering her food but no matter how much food he gives her, the food bursts into flame just as it reaches her mouth.
To rescue her from this torture, the Buddha instructs Mulian and all filial sons to provide a grand feast on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, the time when monks emerge from their summer retreat, which eventually became the Hungry Ghost Festival that we know now.
His mother is reincarnated once again, this time as a black dog, Mulian recites sutras for seven days and seven nights, and his mother is reborn as a human again. In the end she is reborn again and can attain the joys of heaven.
The Significance of Burning Joss Papers
Symbolic Offerings: Central to the Hungry Ghost Month is the practice of burning joss papers, also known as “spirit money” or “ghost money.” These intricately crafted paper offerings are believed to carry value in the afterlife and serve as a means of providing for the needs of the departed spirits.
Nourishing the Ancestors: By burning joss papers, people aim to nourish and provide comfort to their ancestors and wandering spirits. The act symbolizes a way of fulfilling the spirits’ material and financial needs in the spiritual realm.
Bridging the Gap Between Worlds: The act of burning joss papers serves as a symbolic gesture to maintain a connection between the living and the departed. It is a way of showing respect, acknowledging the presence of spirits, and fostering a harmonious relationship between the two realms.
Rituals and Practices During the Hungry Ghost Month
Elaborate Altars: Families create elaborate altars adorned with offerings of food, incense, and joss papers. These altars act as a focal point for reverence, allowing families to pay homage to their ancestors and provide for their spiritual well-being.
Theatrical Performances and Street Operas: The Hungry Ghost Month is also a time of vibrant cultural performances, including street operas and theatrical shows. These performances entertain both the living and the spirits, adding a sense of festivity to the observance.
Candlelight Processions: Candlelight processions and floating lanterns illuminate the nights, guiding and honoring the spirits as they roam the earth. These luminous displays symbolize the guiding light that leads the departed to a place of peace.
Image source: Albert Ivan Damanik via Wikipedia Commons